Distribution of Typhoid fever in different rural and urban areas

Typhoid, a common worldwide bacterial disease which is spread through contaminated food and water that causes septicemia, a causes liver inflammation. Typhoid fever is an infection that causes clinical symptoms of fever, abdominal pain, body rashes, terry stool, weakness, poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, and lethargy etc [1].It is caused by Salmonellae typhi, Enterobacteria under Enterobacteriaceae family Gram negative motile bacteria. Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made when the Salmonella bacteria is detected with blood culture or stool culture. Besides this, several other tests were also performed for early diagnosis of Typhoid fever like immunochromatographic assay (detection of IgM of Salmonella typhi by ICT) and Widal test (demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and Hflagellar). It was observed that approximately 3%-5% of patients become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness [2]. In 2000, it was estimated that over 2.16 million episodes of typhoid occurred worldwide, resulting in 216 000 deaths, out of which more than 90% of this morbidity and mortality occurred in Asia [3].It is also found that almost one third of the global population is living in developing South Asia where disease occurrence is high especially in rural areas and people are unaware of water-borne diseases and cost of illness [4]. To maintain rural health, waterborne diseases can be reduced by introducing health interventions like proper water and sanitation facilities. Two safe and efficacious typhoid vaccines, the injectable Vi polysaccharide and the oral Ty21a, have been licensed; and new, improved candidate vaccines are currently being tested for example Vi-rEPA which is yet to get licensed [5, 6, 7].Ty21a used from 6 years to elderswhich boosters are requires annually again Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine used from 2 years and older whose boosters are required in every three years of intervals [8, 9]. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics also. In the year 1960 oral treatment started to prevent death of typhoid positive patient’s as it was found that almost ABSTRACT: